Department of Family and Consumer Serviceshttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1932024-03-29T08:48:58Z2024-03-29T08:48:58ZFOOD PRICE EFFECTS ON DIETARY INTAKE OF PRE-PRIMARY CHILDREN IN LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN ELDORET, UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYAWAHU, JANEhttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/20712024-01-31T07:51:53Z2023-07-01T00:00:00ZFOOD PRICE EFFECTS ON DIETARY INTAKE OF PRE-PRIMARY CHILDREN IN LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN ELDORET, UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA
WAHU, JANE
Unpredictable fluctuations in food prices have a direct impact on household’s real income. High and volatile prices of food raise malnutrition through both substitution of food commodities and income effects on consumption. When food prices increase people often shift from more costly foods to cheap foods which may be of less nutrition value to compensate for reduced income. Children in these households are immediate victims of such adjustments. The study sought to determine the food price effects on dietary intake of pre-primary children in low-income peri- urban households in Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County.
The study was descriptive survey research by design conducted in Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County. Theory of Planned Behaviour and Consumer Theory informed the study. A sample size of 399 low-income households was targeted, cluster, stratified and random sampling techniques were used to select 399 low-income households with pre-primary children, using Taro Yamane (1973) formula.
Data was collected using researcher administered questionnaires to the caregivers. Data collected was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software version 23, for the dietary intake of pre-primary children in low-income households. The study employed descriptive techniques to understand the current dietary trends in the region. Chi-square test established relationships between food prices and dietary intake and diversity. The study findings showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between increased food prices and dietary diversity score of households with pre-primary children (10, N=399) = 28.448, p=.002). The findings showed that there was a weak relationship between dietary diversity and education level of caregivers (r=0.184, p=0.002 which is less than 0.05). Majority of pre-primary children in these low-income households had three meals in a day with the cereal group being the highest consumed. Most households had a medium dietary diversity score. They adopted different coping strategies such as eating less preferred foods. The findings indicated a significant link between food accessibility for utilization and minimum dietary diversity (8, N=399) =26.32, p=0.013). The study concludes that food prices affect the dietary intake of pre-primary children in low-income households. The study recommends that the government should protect the populace against hunger by giving money monthly to low-income household. Stakeholders to adopt multiple ways to improve food security and dietary intake of low-income households. The government should enforce the existing policies that protect consumers against unpredictable food price spikes.
2023-07-01T00:00:00ZASSESSMENT OF OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT AMONG WOMEN TRADERS AGED 20-50 YEARS IN ELDORET MUNICIPAL MARKETS, KENYAM’MBAITSA, MUGOTITSA L.http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/20672024-01-30T09:06:50Z2023-10-01T00:00:00ZASSESSMENT OF OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT AMONG WOMEN TRADERS AGED 20-50 YEARS IN ELDORET MUNICIPAL MARKETS, KENYA
M’MBAITSA, MUGOTITSA L.
Overweight (BMI 25-29) and obesity (BMI ≥30) is a global epidemic. Increase in non-communicable diseases is a major cause of death globally that is linked to nutritional imbalances like overweight and obesity. The main objective of this study was to assess overweight and obesity conditions among women traders aged 20-50 years at Eldoret Municipal markets, Kenya. The women's anatomy, physiology and metabolism, diet and sedentary lifestyle plays significant roles in predisposing them to overweight and obesity which increases in a cross sectional manner as people age. This was a cross sectional descriptive survey. The significance of this study is to bring into focus the magnitude of overweight and obesity and be a benchmark for implementation of strategies to mitigate the risks associated with the two conditions not only among women, but the society at large. To sample the 238 women traders, stratified random sampling was used followed by systematic sampling whereby the 3rd woman aged 20-50 years in each stratum was selected. Proportionate sampling was used to identify the number of participants per market because all the four markets differ in size. Data on demographic information, their physical activity patterns and feeding habits and dietary choices as well as anthropometric measurements was collected from 238 registered female traders aged 20-50 years from the Eldoret Municipal markets. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to assess overweight and obesity. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Version 26). Descriptive statistics was used to describe the data. The risk of overweight (24%) and obesity (37%) among the women traders was 61%, parity was high for 3-5 children (47%), and level of education was high for primary education at (48%). It was concluded that the overweight and obesity among women traders (61%) hence the need to address nutritional needs, promoting healthy dietary practices, encouraging physical activity and enhancement of knowledge and awareness of overweight and obesity.
2023-10-01T00:00:00ZPhysical Activity levels associated with Overweight and Obesity amongst female traders in Municipal Markets in Eldoret, Kenya.Mugotitsa, LynnahKhamasi, Jennifer WanjikuWamunga, Florence Wakhuhttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19502023-09-18T12:17:49Z2022-10-01T00:00:00ZPhysical Activity levels associated with Overweight and Obesity amongst female traders in Municipal Markets in Eldoret, Kenya.
Mugotitsa, Lynnah; Khamasi, Jennifer Wanjiku; Wamunga, Florence Wakhu
Background: Overweight (BMI 25-29) and obesity (BMI ≥30) is currently a global epidemic. Increase in non- communicable diseases is a major cause of death globally that is linked to nutritional imbalances like overweight and obesity. This study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women traders aged 20-50 years at Eldoret municipal markets, Kenya and identify the levels of physical activity amongst these women.
Methods: This study was a cross sectional descriptive survey. Data was collected using researcher administered questionnaires for demographic information, their physical activity patterns and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and waist and hip circumference) for Body mass index calculations was collected from 238 registered female traders aged 20-50 years from the Eldoret Municipal markets. Proportionate sampling was used to identify the number of subjects per market because all the four markets differ in population. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Version 26). Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to describe the data. Chi-square tests was performed at 0.05 level of significance to establish the association between physical activity and nutritional status.
Results: The prevalence of overweight 24 % and obesity 37% among the women traders was 61% with a statistically significant (p< 0.05) relationship between overweight and obesity and
Conclusion: This study concludes that the prevalence of obesity and overweight among women traders is a cause to worry being it is a predisposing factor to non-communicable diseases, which is currently a major cause of deaths.
Recommendation: The ministry of health in collaboration with the trade department and related policy makers should introduce obesity and overweight and the risks that come with it through sensitization programs for the market women and outreach programs and implement essential strategies that can play an important role in the sensitization of anti-obesity habits and practices.
2022-10-01T00:00:00ZEntrepreneur-led food fortification: A complementary approach for nutritious diets in developing countriesMugalavai, Violet K.et alhttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18262023-06-13T08:35:38Z2023-03-01T00:00:00ZEntrepreneur-led food fortification: A complementary approach for nutritious diets in developing countries
Mugalavai, Violet K.; et al
Small and micro food enterprises are critical implementation partners for fortification strategies that address the widespread micronutrient deficiencies in low-income countries. This paper describes the concept and practice of Entrepreneur-led Food Fortification (ElFF). It draws on the experience of a consortium of US and African food and nutrition R&D organizations, partnering with African small-scale food processors. ElFF can address major challenges faced by such enterprises by providing convincing value propositions, product distribution and marketing, and achieving business scale and nutritional impact. Through the example of entrepreneur-led production of food-to-food fortified grain-based instant porridge flour, we illustrate a framework for successful implementation of ElFF both in local markets and potential links to government nutrition strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies.
2023-03-01T00:00:00ZSubstituting Natural Honey for Cane Sugar (Sucrose) Retards Microbial Growth Independent of Water Activity During Storage of Tomato JamAyua, Emmanuel O.et al.http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18252023-06-13T07:27:10Z2022-11-01T00:00:00ZSubstituting Natural Honey for Cane Sugar (Sucrose) Retards Microbial Growth Independent of Water Activity During Storage of Tomato Jam
Ayua, Emmanuel O.; et al.
Today, there are several attempts to make nutritious food products low in glycemic carbohydrates as this can partly help in solving the ever-growing numbers of type 2 diabetes and obesity. We thus made two types of jam, one using conventional sucrose with a high glycemic index and the other using honey which is regarded as a low glycemic index carbohydrate. Honey jam had comparable physical properties with sucrose jam. The total soluble solid (Brix) was significantly lower in honey jam than in sucrose jam (p=0.04) indicating less sugar in honey jam. Both jams had comparatively higher percent moisture content than other jams reported in literature potentially suggesting reduced storage stability. Despite having higher water activity, honey jam had progressive decrease in microbial colony counts suggesting honey was inhibitory to growth of microorganism compared to sucrose jam. This effect was independent of water activity as sucrose jam which had lower water activity promoted growth of microorganism during storage. Therefore, substituting natural honey for sucrose during formulation of tomato jam retards microbial growth thereby prolonging shelf life.
2022-11-01T00:00:00ZAN ASSESSMENT OF LAUNDRY AND DRY CLEANING PRACTICES AMONG HOUSEHOLD AND COMMERCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS IN KISUMU CITY, KENYAOCHIENG, MATTHEWS ODEKhttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17122023-01-31T09:28:30Z2022-10-01T00:00:00ZAN ASSESSMENT OF LAUNDRY AND DRY CLEANING PRACTICES AMONG HOUSEHOLD AND COMMERCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS IN KISUMU CITY, KENYA
OCHIENG, MATTHEWS ODEK
Laundry and dry cleaning practices are a global process that contributes to the length
and life of apparel and textile products. Therefore, it is important that the right
cleaning method is selected for a given fabric because they differ in quality and use.
Knowledge of these differences is very essential. Studies have indicated that
consumers have raised concerns over the distortion of their clothes after laundry and
dry cleaning (LDC) practices but it was not clear whether the distortion was due to
poor fabric quality or poor cleaning practices. Therefore, there was a need for this
study whose purpose was to assess LDC practices among households and commercial
service providers in Kisumu City, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to i)
investigate the procedures used in LDC, ii) evaluate the level of consumer satisfaction
with LDC services, iii) determine the awareness and practices of LDC service
providers towards environmental and self-protection during LDC, iv) determine the
waste disposal practices, and v) determine the levels of wastewater physical-chemical
parameters disposed of LDC practices concerning environmental pollution. The
conceptual framework borrowed ideas from the Expectation Disconfirmation Theory.
Cross-sectional and descriptive surveys were employed. Seventy-two (72)
respondents from commercial LDC outlets and three-hundred and twelve (312)
respondents from households were selected to form the sample size (384). Quota,
Census, and snowball techniques were used to determine and identify commercial
LDC outlets. Quota, stratified and simple random sampling were used to identify
locations and sub-locations within Kisumu City while systematic sampling was used
to determine and identify the households. Lastly, purposive and convenient sampling
were used to identify and qualify respondents from both households and commercial
LDC outlets. Interview schedules, observations, and laboratory analyses were used to
gather data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by SPSS
version 20 (2007) and the findings were presented in tables and charts. On the other
hand, qualitative data were grouped into themes, coded, and analyzed using the SPSS
tool and the results were also presented in tables and charts. Samples of waste water
from both household and commercial LDC practices were collected and analyzed for
BOD, COD, PO3-, Cd, Hg, detergent, pH, NO3-, and NO2- at Lake Victoria
Environmental Management Program (LVEMP) and Safe Water and Aids (SWAP)
project laboratories. Statistical analyses of the laboratory data were done using oneway
ANOVA in the SPSS software. The study established that LDC service providers
did not follow standard recommended procedures used when delivering their services
and that customer satisfaction and, or dissatisfaction varied among consumers and
with different LDC aspects as well. The study further showed that commercial LDC
consumers were more satisfied than household LDC consumers. The findings showed
that most commercial LDC service providers used better methods of waste water
disposal compared to household LDC service providers who were not well conversant
with safe methods of waste water disposal. Physical-chemical waste water parameters
at the household level ranged as follows; pH: 7.39-8.17, BOD: 28.83-38.0, COD:
305.83-390.83, NO3-: 22.5-28.8, NO2-: 2.8-3.4, and lastly PO3-: 0.304-0.392. At
commercial level, the physical-chemical waste water parameters ranges were: pH:
4.91-9.98, detergent: 0.83-0.93, BOD: 34.0-44.0, COD: 316.67-433.33, NO3- : 37.63-
49.63, PO3-:0.53-0.98, Hg: 0.000-0.003, and lastly Cd: 0.000-0.003. Physicalchemical
wastewater parameters from household LDC services were above the
NEMA/WHO effluent standards while those of the commercial LDC services were
within the same standards.
2022-10-01T00:00:00ZNutritional Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Composite Flours Obtained by Food FortificationMugalavai, Violet K.Aduol, Kevin O.Onkware, Augustino O.http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16292022-06-20T06:45:39Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZNutritional Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Composite Flours Obtained by Food Fortification
Mugalavai, Violet K.; Aduol, Kevin O.; Onkware, Augustino O.
High prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition among the vulnerable
population, especially children has prompted research on
fortification of common staple cereal foods such as rice.
However, rice has inferior nutritional value compared to
other popular cereals, such as maize, therefore limiting
its full utilization. Its storage protein, glutelins, is not
easily digested by monogastric animals; therefore, food to
food fortification of rice flours provides protein
nutritional compensation as well as improvement of
other nutrients. This study was carried out to determine
the proximate and mineral (Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, P)
composition of rice composite flours. Methodology: The
blending ratios (rice: maize: sorghum: pumpkin:
carrots: baobab: amaranth) used in the study were
70:0:0:7.5:7.5:5:10 (AT1), 45.5:24.5:0:7.5:7.5:5:10 (AT2),
35:35:0:7.5:7.5:5:10 (AT3), 23.3:23.3:23.3:7.5:7.5:5:10
(AT4) and 100% rice flour (AT5). Proximate analyses
were performed according to Association of Official
Analytical Chemist (AOAC) methods. Atomic absorption
spectroscopy was used to determine the minerals. Data
analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Mean comparisons for treatments were done using
Bonferroni tests and significance level was set at P≤0.05.
Findings: Moisture content of the composite flours
ranged from 10.87 to12.55% and was significantly
different (p<0.05). Ash content was not significantly
different (p<0.05) and ranged between 1.08 and 1.85%.
The fat content ranged between 5.38 and 10.67%; with
AT4 having the highest and AT5 having the least fat
content. The carbohydrate content was significantly
(p<0.05) different among the flour; ranging between
66.65 and 73.51%. Crude fibre ranged between 1.42 and
-2.20%, whereas the protein content ranged from 6.88 to
7.73%. Iron content ranged between 0.06 and 0.08
mg/100g zinc ranged from 0.19 to 0.56 mg/100g. The
phosphorus content ranged from 0.07 to 0.18 mg/100g
with no significant (p<0.05) difference. The calcium
content was significantly (p<0.05) different among the
flours and ranged from 1.41 to 1.91 mg/100g.
Conclusion: The results show that the flour composites
have the potential to improve nutritional status of
consumers. Thus, consumption of AT1, AT4 and AT5
composite flours with a protein content of 7.3%, 7.7%
and 7.4% maybe recommended for children aged 6 - 59
months in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZFood Security Status During The Covid-19 Pandemic Among Vulnerable Groups In Keiyo South, Elgeyo Marakwet County, KenyaOuma, Peter Oet. al...http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16282022-06-20T06:32:24Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZFood Security Status During The Covid-19 Pandemic Among Vulnerable Groups In Keiyo South, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Ouma, Peter O; et. al...
Health guidelines to manage the COVID-19 pandemic
could have led to unintended changes in states and processes that
affect food systems, food security, and nutrition. The study
conducted in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya focused on the
impacts of the pandemic on food security and post-harvest losses.
A cross-sectional survey was used to gather information on food
security concerns from household heads in Keiyo South.
Questionnaires were administered to 400 household heads
derived from 99,861 households. Analysis of variance results
indicated significant (p<0.01) differences among the vulnerable
groups such as infants of less than six months (F= 4.665)
pregnant women (F= 6.474) and people living with chronic
diseases (F=4.838). According to World Bank report of 2020, the
pandemic has resulted in an economic recession with significant
loss of livelihoods and income and the consequent decline in
purchasing power. Household income during the pandemic was
correlated to diet change especially among vulnerable groups.
There was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between household
income during the COVID-19 pandemic and diet change for
infants (r= 0.457), breastfeeding mothers (r= 0.609), pregnant
women (r= 0.695) and those with chronic disease (r= 0.577). A
relationship between household income and diet change for
children between the age of six (6) months and five (5) years p
(χ2= 27.657, df 8) =0.001 at α 0.05. Because of the disruption of
household income occasioned by the pandemic, external
interventions should target increasing income for households with
the most vulnerable persons for improved food and nutrition
security
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZNutrient and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Extruded Cereal Flours Fortified with Grain Amaranth, Baobab and Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato PowderSanya, Emmaculateet. al.http://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16222022-06-17T06:57:23Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZNutrient and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Extruded Cereal Flours Fortified with Grain Amaranth, Baobab and Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato Powder
Sanya, Emmaculate; et. al.
A majority of households in Sub-Saharan Africa utilize cereal-based flours in the preparation of most of their
staples. However, the micronutrient contents of these cereal-based flours are low with higher levels of
anti-nutrients. Food to food fortification is being used as an alternative to improve the micronutrient content of
the cereal-based flours. This study sought to develop an extruded composite flour using sorghum and maize as
the cereal base and baobab, grain amaranth and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes as the fortificants. A completely
randomized design in factorial arrangement with ingredient ratio and extrusion as factors and seven levels was
used to develop different formulations of the composites. Fortification of sorghum-maize cereal flour blends
with amaranth, baobab and orange-fleshed sweet potato powder resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the
protein, beta-carotene, iron and zinc contents, on average, 8.99 ±1.03 g/100g, 895.90 ±346.85 mg/100g, 11.81 ±
9.73 mg/100g and 1.74 ± 0.18 mg/100g dry weight basis respectively. High grain amaranth levels in the
formulations significantly (p<0.05) increased the phytate content whereas tannin content was significantly lower
in low sorghum formulations. Conversely, extrusion of the composite flours significantly (p<0.05) reduced
protein and beta-carotene contents by 4.7% and 40.9% respectively. Extrusion and its interaction with ingredient
ratio significantly (p<0.05) affected the proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of the composite flours.
Both the fortificants and extrusion play a role in the reduction of anti-nutrients and therefore future studies
should focus on other treatments that can be used together with extrusion to reduce anti-nutrients
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZFOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN LIVING IN BANANA PRODUCING AREAS IN KISII COUNTYONYONO, EDNA KWAMBOKAhttp://41.89.164.27:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/15472021-12-06T08:36:20Z2015-01-01T00:00:00ZFOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN LIVING IN BANANA PRODUCING AREAS IN KISII COUNTY
ONYONO, EDNA KWAMBOKA
Under-nutrition is a major public health problem in most developing countries where
due to poverty, majority of the population depend on a single starchy staple for all
their nutrient needs. Kisii County, the highest banana production area in Kenya has a
24% prevalence of malnutrition. In Uganda bio-fortification of the banana fruit with
vitamin A and iron has been used as a means to alleviate deficiency among children
who are dependent on the banana. Therefore, this study investigated the extent of
dependence on the banana fruit as a staple food and its influence on the quality of diet
and nutritional status of children in Kisii County. A sample of 280 children from two
divisions (Kenyenya and Keumbu), in Kisii County, Kenya was randomly selected for
the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data. A pre tested Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ) was used to collect
information on nutrient intake. Focus Group (FG) discussions were conducted in the
two divisions separately and Anthropometric measures (MUAC, height, weight) were
taken to determine the overall nutritional status of the children. Chi-square test was
done to identify variables that affected banana consumption. Nutrient intake was
analyzed by the Nutri-Survey program. ENA for SMART was used to analyze
anthropometric data which was then compared against the WHO z-score standards.
Results showed that Educational level of caregivers, mother‟s employment status,
household income per month and nutritional knowledge of the caregiver influenced
the consumption patterns of the children and also form the basic causes of
malnutrition. The children‟s diet was diversified including legumes, dairy products,
eggs, meats, fish, vegetables and fruits resulting in sufficient nutrient intake. Bananas
were the most consumed food item in terms of weight while maize was the highest
contributor in nutrients. The daily contribution by banana was 266 g/day. The nutrient
contribution made by banana was; energy 252.9 Kcal (13.8%), Protein 3.1 g (5.7%),
Vitamin A 101 µg (14.7%), Iron 1.5 mg (11.6%), Vitamin E 0.7 mg (8.9%), zinc 0.6
mg (5.5%). Plants mainly in the form of beans contributed 77% protein while 23%
was animal sourced. There were cases of moderate malnutrition among children in
households of low income status of which 0.7% were wasted, 1.1% were stunted and
2.1% of the children were underweight. The population was not at risk of protein,
energy, vitamin A and iron deficiency but was deficient in calcium and potassium.
Banana is the food item consumed in the largest amounts by 2-5 year old children in
Kenyenya and Keumbu divisions, making it the most suitable vehicle for
biofortification and any other intervention programs to alleviate malnutrition in the
community. It is recommended that this population be encouraged to consume more
animal sourced foods, green leafy vegetables and fruits or be provided with
supplements to increase calcium and potassium intake.
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z