Department of Educational Psychology

Teacher’s Perceptions on the Availability and Adequacy of Resources in the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Junior Schools in Trans-Nzoia West Sub County, Kenya

2026-02-20T13:13:05Z

Teacher’s Perceptions on the Availability and Adequacy of Resources in the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Junior Schools in Trans-Nzoia West Sub County, Kenya Mochama, Nyangaresi Denis,; Oseko, Agnes; Orao, Remi The transition to Competency-Based Education (CBE) in Kenya marks a significant shift from a content-heavy, exam-oriented system to a learner-centered one. This new approach requires not only well-prepared teachers but also adequate teaching and learning resources. Yet, in many schools, the sufficiency of these resources remains in question. Teachers, as the frontline implementers of the curriculum, directly shape how learners experience CBE, and their perceptions strongly influence both the delivery process and learning outcomes. In Trans-Nzoia West Sub-County, as in other parts of the country, the transition to CBE and the establishment of junior secondary schools have brought about new demands and challenges. This study examined teachers’ perceptions regarding the availability and adequacy of infrastructure and instructional resources in supporting CBE implementation. The adequacy of facilities and materials not only affects teachers’ perceptions but also determines the teaching approaches they adopt. The study was grounded in constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes student-centered learning where teachers act as mediators who organize materials and foster a supportive environment that values learners’ experiences. The study adopted a concurrent mixed methods design. The study targeted 60 junior secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia West Sub-County, comprising 288 teachers involved in CBE implementation. From this population, the study sample comprised 15 schools, including 64 teachers and 15 head teachers. Data collection involved teachers’ questionnaires and observation checklists for first-hand information. Content validity of the items was reviewed by experts, while a pilot test confirmed reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.73. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS version 22, while chi-square tests were applied to assess associations between categorical variables. The study found that most teachers viewed competency-based education as necessary and reported moderate competence in developing tasks aligned with CBE skills (M=3.75, SD=0.600). While teachers acknowledged applying varied lesson planning approaches (M=3.52, SD=0.676), their teaching strategies were only moderately aligned with learner-centered CBE requirements (M=3.28, SD=0.691). However, perceptions of infrastructural facilities were largely negative, with very low mean scores (M=1.86, SD=0.551), indicating dissatisfaction with available classrooms, materials, and resources for effective CBE assessment. Chi-square tests confirmed significant associations between teacher perceptions of both instructional resources (χ2=24.9, p=0.002) and infrastructural facilities (χ2=79.0, p=0.000) with CBE implementation. Therefore, to develop positive teacher perception, one of the determinants for successful implementation of CBE, adequate infrastructure and instructional materials should be prioritized. The study recommended that the government through the ministry of education should provide adequate infrastructure and instructional facilities for effective implementation of CBE.

INTEGRATION OF ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN TVET INSTITUTIONS IN THE MECHANICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY

2025-05-22T08:01:09Z

INTEGRATION OF ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN TVET INSTITUTIONS IN THE MECHANICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY NDIWA, MERCY CHEROTICH The study focused on integration of ICT in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions. Mechanical and Automotive Engineering departments were selected because of their high student population in the two sampled institutions hence it was more representative of the whole population. The Eldoret National Polytechnic and Rift Valley Technical Training Institute were selected in this study because the two institutions have the highest number of trainees in the departments of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering in the County. The objectives of this study were to: to determine the influence of human factors, pedagogic factors, curriculum factors, availability of ICT infrastructure, leadership factors and institutional policy factors on integration of ICT in teaching and learning. The study employed the Rodgers theory of Diffusion of innovation (2003). The study used both quantitative and qualitative research. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. The target population consisted of members of governing body, trainees, trainers, ICT technicians, the Heads of Department, and the principals of the selected TVET institutions. The sample size for the trainees was 384 which was calculated by fisher’s formula and was selected using the simple random sampling same as trainers while purposive sampling was used to select technicians, administrators and the members of governing body. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and MS Excel software. The findings of the study reveal the following ; 76.47% of trainers have Certificate Proficiency packages in ICT, 27.45% of trainers affirmed that ICT training at their former training institution has been helpful, 15.69% had in service training, 32.50% of the male trainers use ICT in teaching while 81.81% of female trainers don’t make use of ICT, 87.50% of trainers with a working experience of less than 5 years embraced use of ICT in teaching., also 35.29% of trainers use ICT-appropriate teaching methods, 31.37% were pedagogically ready to integrate ICT in teaching, 43.14% had an average of 6 hours daily of which its quite strenuous. All the respondents noted the inadequacy in ICT infrastructure.70.59% of trainers were not aware of the existence of an ICT policy. The study concluded that: few of the trainers had effective basic ICT training, ICT training in their former training institutions were not so effective, more male trainers integrated ICT in teaching than their female counterparts and also less experienced trainers utilized ICT for teaching. Most trainers admitted that they are not pedagogically ready to use ICT in teaching. In addition, ICT resources are inadequate, and trainers Lacked support from the administration. The study recommends regular in-service training for trainers and technicians, reduction of trainer’s workload, provision of computer resources to trainers, trainer motivation, provision for more ICT technicians to provide technical support for trainers in the use of ICTs, and inclusion of all stakeholders in the policy making and reviewing process

EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SCHOOL REFUSAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PUPILS IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS, IN KEIYO NORTH SUB-COUNTY, ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA

2025-05-22T07:53:42Z

EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SCHOOL REFUSAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PUPILS IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS, IN KEIYO NORTH SUB-COUNTY, ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA TOROITICH, PAMELLA JEMUTAI In spite of the many efforts by parents, teachers and counselors to curb school refusal behaviour, there is much evidence that the problem has persisted. The objectives of the current study were; to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for school refusal behaviour among pupils in public primary schools in Keiyo North subcounty, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study's objectives were to determine the effectiveness of cognitive, behavioral, clinical, guidance, and counseling intervention strategies for school refusal behavior among pupils in public primary schools in Keiyo North sub-county, Elgeiyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study was based on positivism philosophy, which relies on hypothetical relationships and employed Hirschi's Control Theory. The theory posits that strong affiliations mitigate the inclination toward disruptive behavior. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, using the survey to collect data. The targeted population was class 7 and 8 pupils in public primary schools who were absent from school or class for at least 10% or more days in their previous academic year. They were identified with the assistance of their previous class teachers. Keiyo North Sub-county has 5806 pupils in classes 7 and 8. Purposive sampling was used to select the public primary schools that participated in the research. Gill and Johnson (2010) sample size determination table was used to calculate the sample size, and a sample of 357 learners was derived. Four schools were used for piloting and did not participate in the actual research. Data was collected using pupils' questionnaires and document analysis, which included attendance registers, records from guidance and counselling departments, and discipline books. To determine the validity of the research instrument, piloting, correlation analysis, and consultation with supervisors who are experts was done. Cronbach alpha was used to ascertain the instruments' reliability, resulting in an alpha value of 0.7. This was considered high enough and thus accepted and used. Data from questionnaires was validated, coded, tabulated, and then analyzed with the help of the SPSS computer package of social science version 23. Descriptive statistics were charts and percentages that assisted in presenting demographic data, and inferential statistics (chi-square) was used to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Findings from this study showed a relationship between the effectiveness of cognitive, behavioral, clinical, guidance, and counseling and school refusal intervention strategies used by primary school teachers to treat school refusal behavior. It was concluded that the psychosocial support given to school refusers is not fully utilized. The study recommends that trained school counselors should be posted to primary schools to ensure functional guidance and counseling, and also, a positive school environment should be highly maintained by all stakeholders to foster a strong bond with the school. Additionally, a longitudinal study on psychosocial interventions for school refusal behavior should be carried out in other parts of Kenya for comparison.

SUICIDE IDEATION: AGE AND CORRELATES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA

2025-05-21T08:33:53Z

SUICIDE IDEATION: AGE AND CORRELATES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA Odhiambo, Winnie Awuor; Simiyu, John; Nyabuto, Esther Suicidal behaviors have been on the rise among university students in the recent past. The aim of this paper was to examine suicide ideation in relation to age category and correlates among university students in the Nyanza region with the aim of preventing occurrences of completed suicide. The objectives of the study were to determine the difference in age category in relation to suicide ideation and to examine the correlates of suicide ideation. The study was based on the Three Step Theory of Suicide (3ST) by Klonsky, May and Saffer. The research design employed was a correlational research design. Purposive sampling was used to select four public universities from the Nyanza region as well as university counsellors. Stratified sampling was thereafter used to select undergraduate students depending on their year of study. Simple random sampling was finally used to select 1477 students from the four universities with the guidance of a sample size table developed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Student questionnaires, interview schedules as well as counseling records were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V20). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used. Quantitative data was thereafter analyzed using chi-square and linear regression at a .05 level of significance, and qualitative data was analyzed using themes. The study findings revealed that suicide ideation was not related to the age category of the students. The results from linear regression analysis indicated that sexual abuse, romantic break up, alcohol addiction, HIV/AIDS, elections and cyber suicide are predictors of suicide ideation, while financial crisis and COVID-19 are not predictors of suicide ideation. The study recommends that the ratio of student to counsellor at the university should be increased to allow for easy access to counselling services. The study also recommends that during orientation, the counselling department should create awareness of some of the stressful life events students are likely to encounter on campus and equip them with coping skills, as well as encourage them to visit the counselling department whenever they feel like talking to someone.

SUICIDE IDEATION: GENDER AND VARIATION OF CORRELATES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA

2025-05-21T08:28:33Z

SUICIDE IDEATION: GENDER AND VARIATION OF CORRELATES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA Odhiambo, Winnie Awuor; Simiyu, John; Nyabuto, Esther The prevalence of suicide behavior among university students has been an issue of great concern because of its upward trend. This paper examines suicide ideation in relation to gender and the variation of correlates in different universities among university students in the Nyanza region, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to determine gender differences in relation to suicide ideation and how the correlates vary among individual universities. A correlational research design was employed. Four public universities and university counselors were selected using purposive sampling. Stratified sampling was thereafter employed to select undergraduate students based on their year of study. A sample size table developed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) was used to select 1477 undergraduate students randomly. Data collection instruments included: a student questionnaire, interview schedule and counseling records. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V20). Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used and thereafter, quantitative data was analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings revealed gender differences in relation to suicide ideation. The findings further revealed that there is variation in sexual abuse, romantic breakup, COVID-19, alcohol addiction, HIV/AIDS, elections and cyber suicide experiences across the universities. However, there is no variation in financial crisis across universities. The study recommends that the university counseling department should equip female students with skills on how to adjust to campus lifestyle without engaging in activities which might end up stressing them. The university should also develop prevention strategies as well as organize follow-up for suicide survivors.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Clinical Intervention Strategies for Addressing School Refusal Behavior Among Primary School Pupils in Keiyo North SubCounty, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

2025-05-21T08:13:01Z

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Clinical Intervention Strategies for Addressing School Refusal Behavior Among Primary School Pupils in Keiyo North SubCounty, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya Toroitich, Pamella Jemutai; Kisilu, Kitainge; Oseko, Agnes Several cases in Kenya have been reported on school refusal behavior among primary school pupils and in Elgeyo Marakwet Country the cases are higher. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical intervention strategies for addressing school refusal behavior among primary school pupils in Keiyo North Sub-County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study was guided by Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmound Freud. Positivism philosophy and descriptive research design guided data collection. The study target population was 5806 pupils which comprised of grade 7 and 8 pupils in public primary schools in Keiyo North SubCounty. A sample size of 357 pupils was arrived at using Gill et al. (2010) sample size table. The data was collected using structured questionnaires which was first subjected to pilot study to determine its validity and reliability. Ethical consideration was applied during data collection. Collected data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 23. Results indicated that majority of learners (83.8%) stated that their teachers never recommended hospital visits when they complained of being sick at school. Further, 81.6% of the pupils reported being taken to the hospital for somatic symptoms, though the symptoms were often mild. Also, majority, 97.8%, stated that they did not use medication to address their anxiety related to school refusal, indicating that clinical interventions for such behavior are rarely employed. Results further indicated that there was a significant relationship between effectiveness of clinical intervention strategies and school refusal behavior among pupils in public primary schools in Keiyo North sub-county (χ²=33.096, N=38, p<0.05). The study concluded that the clinical intervention strategies have not been effectively used by teachers and particularly in primary schools who mostly resort to one strategy of punishment to correct school refusal. The study recommends that Teachers, Service Commission should post trained school counsellors to primary schools and not secondary schools alone and also ensure that school counseling programmes are functional.

Effects of Counselling on Stress Management Among Student Mothers in Secondary Schools in Kimilili subcounty, Bungoma County, Kenya

2025-05-20T07:45:48Z

Effects of Counselling on Stress Management Among Student Mothers in Secondary Schools in Kimilili subcounty, Bungoma County, Kenya Wasike, Anne; Oseko, Agnes; Simiyu, John Teenage pregnancy has been recognized internationally as a major concern. Furthermore, it hampers the chance of a student mother from going back to school or to complete her education. In Kenya, teenage pregnancy impedes achievements in education of the girl child. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of counselling on stress management among student mothers. The study was guided by William Glasser’s Psychological Reality Theory on Maladaptive Behaviour. The study employed cross-sectional research design. The target population was 5,069 Form three and Form four female students from public secondary schools in Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya. The study also targeted 23 school Guidance and Counselling teachers. The sample size table proposed by Krejcie & Morgan, 1970 was used to arrive at 381 female students from girls’ schools as well as mixed schools, 19 Guidance and Counselling teachers. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to gather qualitative and quantitative data. Instruments of data collection were piloted to establish their validity and reliability using Cronbach alpha value greater than 0.7 and indication of higher reliability. Both descriptive and inference statistics was analyzed using SPSS package version 23 and presentation done in frequencies and percentage tables. Descriptive data were analyzed using means, percentages and standard deviations, while inferential data were analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (r). The study findings indicated a significant positive strong relationship between counselling and stress management (r=0.836, p<0.000). The study concluded that counselling, have a significant effect on stress management among student mothers in public secondary schools in Kimilili sub-county, Kenya. Consequently, this study recommends that schools should prioritize and enhance counseling services for student mothers. Also, there is need for comprehensive sex education from parents, guidance, school and religious leaders.

INFLUENCE OF OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDERS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TURKANA WEST SUB- COUNTY, KENYA

2025-04-15T06:30:03Z

INFLUENCE OF OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDERS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TURKANA WEST SUB- COUNTY, KENYA EROT, EKAL WYCLIFFE Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is multiplicity of dysfunctional behaviours exhibited by students who are not conforming to the societal norms, morals and code of ethics. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of ODD on academic performance among the secondary school students in Turkana West -Sub County, Kenya. The study was supported by Instinct Theory of Aggression that explains the sources of students’ oppositional defiant behaviours, that originate from Eros and Thanatos The study aimed to achieve the following study objectives (i) To determine the causes of ODD among secondary school students in Turkana West Sub County (ii) To Investigate the influence of ODD on academic performance in Turkana West Sub County (iii) To Examine the intervention measures for ODD students. The research questions based on the specific objectives were; What were the causes of ODD among the secondary school students? What influence does ODD have on academic performance? What are intervention measures for ODD students? The study employed mixed method approach, where the qualitative data collected was analysed descriptively using Mean and Standard Deviation and the Quantitative data collected was analysed quantitatively using Linear Regression and Pearson Product Moment Correlation through the aid of SPSS software application (version 21). The target population were the students, teachers, MoEST and parent. The Sample size determination was arrived at using Yamane Taro formulae. Simple random, convenience and purposive sampling were used to select the respondents in the study. The findings of the study revealed that poor caring environment, poor socio-economic background, poor relation between students and teachers and peer pressure was the leading ODD causes. The study indicated a significant moderate negative correlation between ODD manifestation and performance at r (55) = -.55, p <. 001.This implies that increase in ODD manifestation led to a decline in academic performance. The study recommended the following; Turkana West Sub county ministry of Education Office to adopt new policies and curriculum to improve on academic performance of ODD, Guidance and Counselling sections to be empowered and strengthened in Secondary Schools where each student single criterion behaviour will be assessed, diagnosed and determined, Parents to use home-base positive modalities to discipline their children, contractive punishment can be adopted, talking to and guiding them towards right direction .The study also recommend Academic tour exchange programmes for students through visiting the best national performing schools and symposiums bench marking

PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF SUICIDE IDEATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA

2025-04-08T12:13:10Z

PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF SUICIDE IDEATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NYANZA REGION, KENYA ODHIAMBO, WINNIE AWUOR Cases of completed suicide have been on the rise especially among the university students in the recent past. The focus of this research work was to look at the prevalence and correlates of suicide ideation among the university students in Nyanza region with an aim of preventing the ideation from reaching suicidal attempt and completed suicide. The study was guided by the following objectives; To determine the prevalence of suicide ideation among university students in Nyanza region, to compare the prevalence of suicide ideation in relation to university and year of study, to determine gender and age differences in relation to suicide ideation, to examine the correlates of suicide ideation and finally to determine how the correlates vary among individual universities. The study was justified by the fact that early detection of suicide ideation can help in reducing the cases of suicide in universities. The study was based on the Three Step Theory of Suicide (3ST) by Klonsky, May and Saffer. The study was guided by pragmatism philosophical assumption. Correlational research design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to select four public universities from Nyanza region. Stratified sampling was used to select undergraduate students and thereafter simple random sampling was used to select 1477 students from the four universities with the guidance of sample size table developed by Cohen, Manion and Morrison. Data was collected using student questionnaire, interview schedule as well as existing counseling records and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V20). Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used and the quantitative data was analyzed using chi square, linear regression and ANOVA at .05 level of significance while the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study findings indicated that suicide ideation is prevalent among university students (23.6%) in Nyanza region. The prevalence differs depending on the university (x2=p<.05) but the prevalence was not related to the year of study (p>.05). There was gender difference in relation to suicide ideation with female students being more ideators (x2=p<.05), however suicide ideation was not related to age of the student (p>0.05). The linear regression result indicated that sexual abuse, romantic break up, alcohol addiction, HIV/AIDS, elections and cyber suicide are predictors of suicide ideation while financial crisis and Covid 19 are not predictors of suicide ideation. The ANOVA values indicated that there is variation in sexual abuse, romantic breakup, Covid 19, alcohol addiction, HIV/AIDS, election and cyber suicide depending on the university while there was no variation in financial crisis experience.The study recommends that university counselling department should create more awareness on the issue of suicide, its effects and how students can cope with day to day challenges so as to prevent suicidal thoughts. The study also recommends increase in the number of university counsellors to cater for the needs of the university students

THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG STUDENT MOTHERS IN KENYAN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KIMILILI SUB-COUNTY, BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA

2025-04-08T12:06:03Z

THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG STUDENT MOTHERS IN KENYAN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KIMILILI SUB-COUNTY, BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA WASIKE, ANNE NABALAYO The global community has acknowledged adolescent pregnancies as a pressing issue. The adolescent mother, her unborn child and the infant all suffer emotionally when the teen is pregnant and does not have family support. In addition, it makes it less likely that a student mother would return to school or finish what she started. Teenage pregnancy in Kenya is a major barrier to girls' access to and completion of secondary school. Finding out how moms-to-be at public secondary schools in Kenya's Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, deal with stress was the primary motivation for this research. The study set out to accomplish several specific goals. Firstly, it aimed to determine the level of stress among student mothers in public secondary schools in Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya. Secondly, it sought to understand how counselling and social support affected stress management among these mothers. Lastly, it sought to understand how spiritual intervention affected stress management in these young mothers. Psychological Reality Theory on Maladaptive Behavior by William Glasser served as the guiding principle for this investigation. The research strategy used in the study was a cross-sectional exploratory one. The pragmatist paradigm was used in the study. Female students enrolled in public secondary schools in the Kimilili Sub-County of Bungoma County, Kenya, namely those in Forms 3 and 4, were the intended respondents. Additionally, 23 school Chaplains and Guidance and Counselling teachers were included in the study. The sample size was determined using the sample size formula published by Krejcie & Morgan, 1970. The participants included 381 female students from both mixed and girls' schools, 19 instructors of guidance and counselling, and 19 school chaplains. A purposive sampling technique was used in the investigation. To collect quantitative data, we utilized interview guides, and to get qualitative data, we employed questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the data collecting instruments were tested in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha. Instrumental dependability is enhanced when the value is larger than 0.82. The SPSS software, version 23, was used for both descriptive and inferential statistics. A Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient (r) was used for inferential statistics, while percentages, standard deviations, and averages were used for descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that student mothers experience significant positive high levels of stress (r=0.702, p< 0.000). The management of stress was positively and significantly impacted by counselling (r=0.836, p<0.000). In addition, a small but substantial positive correlation (r=0.374, p<0.000) exists between the impact of social support and stress management. Last but not least, a strong positive correlation (r=0.659, p<0.000) was found between the impact of spiritual intervention and stress management. Students' ability to cope with stress was shown to be significantly impacted by factors such as the prevalence of stress, access to counselling, social support, spiritual intervention and provision of social support in the Kimilili sub-county, Kenya, where the study was conducted. Therefore, the study suggests that schools should make counselling services more accessible and emphasize them so that student moms may better manage their stress. Furthermore, in order to reduce the stress that student mothers experience, it is imperative that school and church leaders, as well as parents and guardians, provide comprehensive sex education. The study goes on to suggest that researchers look at the causes of teen pregnancies in the area and whether there are any particular counselling techniques that help student mothers deal with stress.