DETERMINANTS OF THE COLLABORATION BETWEEN TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDUSTRY IN TRANS NZOIA COUNTY, KENYA

Abstract

The disconnect between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions and industry remains a significant challenge in Kenya, limiting the capacity of graduates to meet labor market expectations. In Trans Nzoia County, the gap in effective collaboration between TVET institutions and industries undermines efforts toward skills development, economic growth, and workforce alignment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of collaboration between TVET institutions and industries in the region. Specifically, the objectives were: to investigate the influence of institutional capacity on TVET–industry collaboration, to determine the influence of industry demand on TVET–industry collaboration; and to examine the influence of alignment of interests on TVET–industry collaboration. A mixed-methods research design was employed, grounded in the pragmatic research paradigm. The study targeted TVET trainers, principals, and industry representatives, comprising a total population of 394. A sample size of 178 respondents was determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s formula and selected using proportionate sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires (for trainers) and semi-structured interviews (for principals and industry representatives). Instrument validity was ensured through expert review and pilot testing, while reliability was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, yielding coefficients above the 0.70 threshold. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Ethical considerations included informed consent, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and clearance from relevant bodies, including NACOSTI and the University of Eldoret Research Ethics Office. The findings revealed that institutional capacity is constrained by inadequate infrastructure, weak governance structures, and limited industry linkages, though staff competency and quality assurance systems were acknowledged. Industries’ demand was present but not matched by proactive collaboration or investment, and poor communication further inhibited coordination. Regarding alignment of interests, the study found that shared goals enhanced curriculum relevance, joint research, and internship success, though misalignment hindered deeper engagement. The study concluded that institutional limitations, passive industry involvement, and misaligned priorities weaken collaboration. The study therefore recommended there is a need of infrastructure improvement, proactive industry engagement, and structured alignment mechanisms through joint curriculum development, industry forums, and regulatory oversight. Government incentives could further stimulate sustained partnerships. The findings from the study will provide valuable data to policymakers, TVET administrators, and industry stakeholders on strategies to strengthen collaboration between TVET institutions and the industry for improved skills development and employability in Trans Nzoia County.